2/25/2006
Specific Facts
for Our Drum-makers, Drummers & Dance Community
regarding B. anthracis (the bacteria in Anthrax)

Note from the author: I am not a doctor, but I have checked my facts as are cited at the end of this
article. I endeavored to be extremely thorough, so this is long. Key points are bolded in case you prefer
to scan through. This is in the plainest English possible, and certain medical/scientific data are omitted in
order to ‘give the key points’ in plain English. It is not comprehensive. A simple Google search on b.
anthracis inhalation will bring anyone to highly-detailed scientific information for those who wish to read
further. You may also search for splenic fever. You can utilize references listed at the end.
VadoDiomande is currently suffering from inhalational b. anthracis. Since this type of infection is
extremely rare, difficult to contract, not visible, and hard to diagnose, my focus is on a somewhat less
rare form of the infection.. Cutaneous (or skin) b. anthracis also poses a danger to the drum-maker/hide
handler, but it is a highly invisible form as you will read and see, and is thus relatively easily combated
Initial Drum-maker Safety Precautions – but read everything below!
• As a community, we are working on finding out EXACTLY how to obtain the
safest materials possible…meanwhile, take these other precautions.
• #1 Priority – Work in a well-ventilated space.
• Use a Hepa Filter air purifier.
• Use disposable gloves and a mask in all cases even if you think the skins are
fine.
• Use razor blades only once, or boil hair shaving/cutting tools for 30 minutes after
each use. Dispose of used blades wrapped in cardboard so sharp edges are
covered and then in a plastic bag.
• Wash exposed skin with soap and hot water regularly and wash all the clothes
and shoes you wear when working (regular machine washing of these clothes is
okay).
Let’s Change The Words We Use!
I will only use the name b. anthracis herein. Part of the unwieldy terror surrounding this
tragedy with Vado Diomande is the word Anthrax. In everyday use, Anthrax is a biological
weapon of terror. What makes b. anthracis different? Scientists prod the bacteria to release all
water molecules from their cells, transforming them into hard, tiny beads that withstand a wide
range of temperature and weather conditions. They then treat those beads and condense them
into a powder or aerosol. This makes weapons-grade Anthrax. Vado does NOT have this
Anthrax. Vado has a naturally-occurring bacteria called bacillus anthracis. This rod-shaped
bacteria is the base used by scientists. That’s how they are related, but saying “anthrax” seems
unnecessarily inflammatory. Okay, moving on…so what is b. anthracis?
In plain English, what is this stuff?
B. anthracis is a bacteria that takes the form of spores. It is inactive, and can be found in soil
or in a dead carcass. Before the animal died, it thrives off its blood and then the bacteria killed
the animal. As the body decomposed, or the hide was taken from it, the spore then goes back
to an inactive state on the hide and will re-awaken if it gets oxygen again. To the drum-maker
(and wool sorter, etc.) this is the danger. I will repeat however, again and again, a RARE
danger. Many drum-makers would be sick otherwise, no?!
There are three forms of human-contracted b. anthracis that are a danger to us. We can get
one of the three by a certain type of handling contaminated carcasses, hides, wool, hair, and
bones; and ingesting contaminated meat.
1. b. anthracis of the human skin:
If a drum-maker handles an infected dead carcass’ hide, and they have an open wound,
they can get cutaneous anthracis. It is dangerous, not deadly unless entirely left
untreated, and is extremely visible. It begins as a painless, itchy, reddish brown bump
that enlarges and becomes swollen. The lesion usually turns into a blister then opens
and becomes black in the center It can be readily diagnosed, and responds very quickly
and with a 95 plus % efficacy, to antiobiotics. Smart Idea: Wear gloves and proper
clothing when handling unprocessed skins before they are soaked and during
shaving, on the remote chance….
2. and 3. Other types of b. anthracis:
There are two other types of b. anthracis infections to humans: gastrointestinal and
inhalational. Gastrointestinal is the rarest, and comes from eating infected,
undercooked meat (usually of caribou, goat or perhaps cow). It does not occur
frequently because the cooking, even undercooking, seems to usually kill enough of the
bacteria. I suppose there are other reasons as well that I did not endeavor to look up.
However, if contracted, this strain is virulent. Smart Idea: People, cook your meat
because even a one-in-a-million chance is one too many. Ask for medium to well
done in a restaurant. Inhalation b. anthracis we’ll talk about next.
Inhalation b. anthracis is very, very, very rare. Here are the key points to know:
a) In order to contract enough bacteria, there are certain conditions that allow for it.
First, the animal gets infected by grazing the spores in the soil. Once it’s infected
(via grazing on the soil), the animal will die. It can then re-enter the soil or be passed
by taking its hide, or via other scavenger animals. This can happen in almost any
country. It’s a naturally-occuring phenomena, and rare. Spores are inactive,
however, until they find the perfect conditions. Inactive b. anthracis stays in
soil and can last for decades if not a century. Then, the infected hide must be
handled in such a way that the spores survive. For example, these spores do not
thrive well in the cold nor in extreme heat (like boiling water). If the spores manage
to survive the conditions, then there are other conditions that must still occur.
b) Because the spores are electro-statically charged, they tend to not move very
easily. Tens of thousands don’t just fly off the hide and into your nose by a simple
rustling of it. Of course, very vigorous movements with a contaminated hide, in a
highly-confined area, with no ventilation….not good. Spores also don’t cluster so
easily, and so each one would fly its own path.
c) Got it? They are inactive until given oxygen off a host in the right conditions, and
don’t move in the air easily. Another condition that must then exist seems to be
the size that can get in. Endospores (a term referring to the type/size of spores that
can travel and get through to infect someone) are 1 micrometer by 1.5 micrometer in
size. Endospores are then phagocytosed by macrophages and carried to regional
lymph nodes. Spores then germinate inside macrophages and become vegetative
cells, which leave the macrophages and multiply in the lymphatic system. (In other
words…they must successfully go through a transformation and go on the move.)
d) Lastly, you’d have to breath A LOT of spores of this size in! Because they don’t
like to move around, and usually travel individually, you’d have to work in a confined,
unventilated space to start. A contributing factor could also be having a highlycharged
room, such as gloss paint on every wall so that they fly in many directions
once spurred (by using a razor to cut hide or remove hair, i.e.). Your nose is not
magnetic, so it’s not inclined to draw in spores, so you’d have to be working with your
face very close to it. AND, it still takes several thousand spores. Lastly, reports
even say that it’s still hard to get an infectious dose and therefore being worn down,
having a chest cold or pneumonia might also be contributory.
Spore counts? Let’s put it this way: a lethal dose of bio-terror-grade-anthrax which is
super-charged and super-concentrated is reported to result from inhalation of
10,000-20,000 spores usually by an aerosol-propelled means. 2,500 can infect, but
not be deadly at all. Moreover, in 2001 in the U.S. mail Anthrax cases, some were
contaminated with 100 billion to 1 trillion anthrax spores per gram. Of the 11 who got
those weapons-grade anthrax letters, five died.
But, as we now know well, it can happen as a very rare occurrence. So, let’s
keep reading.
More about the spores:
• In most cases the spores are easily killed by sunlight or other sources of
ultraviolet light. Take every precaution you can.
• Many aerial spores can be trapped by a simple HEPA or P100 filter. Inhalation of
anthrax spores can be prevented with a full-face mask using appropriate filtration.
Unbroken skin can be decontaminated by washing with simple soap and
water. One man from Australia also uses a Hepa filter in the room and places a
strong magnet six feet away from his work area. He then boils the magnet for 30
minutes after each shaving and uses straight bleach to clean the filter. Again,
catching “many” spores is not catching enough. Better to know where/who you
buy from. Using a filter, mask and gloves is a good idea in any case.
• Killing all spores is another story. The U.S. Navy Manual on Operational
Medicine and Fleet Support, entitled Biological Warfare Defense Information
Sheet states "Disinfection of contaminated articles may be accomplished using a
0.05% hypochlorite solution (1 tbsp. bleach per gallon of water). Spore destruction
[however] requires steam sterilization." Anthrax spores are killed by boiling
(100C or 212F) for 30 minutes (the actual reported time is considerably less). If
boiling as a means of disinfection, the spores must be in liquid suspension (to
ensure killing) and in a sealed container (to avoid aerosolization or vaporization of
droplet nuclei containing spores).
Other notes/facts related to the true level of the likelihood and danger:
• More than 95% of all cases of b. anthracis are cutaneous.
• In inhalational b. anthracis, the spores are ingested by alveolar macrophages,
which transport them to the regional tracheobronchial lymph nodes, where
germination occurs. What does this mean? Even after you inhale it, they have to
be transported in order to become active. They change nature in doing this
‘move,’ and this is why we cannot get it from an infected person’s breath. The
actual spore has been definitively changed during the ingestion and germination.
• The largest reported epidemic of b. anthracis anthrax occurred in Zimbabwe
from 1978 through 1980, with an estimated 10,000 cases. Essentially all were
cutaneous, with very rare cases of gastrointestinal disease and eight cases of
inhalational anthrax. Very, very few died and rapid diagnosis was hampered.
• There have been a few incidences documented worldwide including the U.S.
and so it’s not unique to any area or country or people. You can see this for
yourself just by doing a web search.
Direct facts related to drum-makers and our community:
• Hide and fur exporters and importers in most countries are REQUIRED to prove
the animal was inoculated while it was alive. This is not always fail-safe.
• Because sporulation of b. anthracis requires oxygen and therefore does not
occur inside a closed carcass, regulations in most countries forbid postmortem
examination of animals when anthrax is suspected. In other words, we cannot
tell if a carcass’ hide is clean or not, once it’s deceased. (I will do my best to find
out more about this, and send an update if I find out anything).
• Because it takes a lot of spores to get infected, and in all those conditions above,
once even infected skins are processed (soaked and shaved), there is a <0 %
chance of getting infected. This is why ready-made drums, and tanned hides,
or processed wool, or bone jewelry, cannot infect someone. You cannot
become infected by playing drums. b. anthracis, and so, NO, dance
studios and drum markets are not unsafe!
• Yes, a bit of hair is left around the rim of a drum sometimes. NO, you cannot
contract the bacteria from this processed hide while playing or handling drums.
• In order to get infected, we repeat, it takes a lot of spores. Any location that has
a few or “some” spores is not considered hazardous. This includes having been
near Vado, in his house or van, etc. We hope this is clear!
• Cutaneous b. anthracis requires less and not-as-specific spores. Always wear
gloves and protective gear as a safety precaution when working with hides, no
matter how remote the chance. (see the precautionary measures for people who
work with raw hides outlined at the top)
Final Notes:
• Of interest to our community might be the following sites I ran across. I don’t
know the source of their information, but I thought I’d pass it on. Use your own
judgement! This person addresses strengthening your immune system, and in a
way relates it to b. anthracis/Anthrax.
http://healthyherbs.about.com/library/weekly/aa022402.htm Also, check out a
drummer’s web site regarding drummers, handcare, and even a note on anthrax.
http://home.acceleration.net/clark/PaperVu/handcare.htm
• Regarding myself, the writer of this, Krista C. Retto: I’m not a doctor, nor a
scientist. For those of you who don’t know me, I am a West-African dancer in
the community for 17 years, and a very close friend of Vado and Lisa Diomande.
Once I found out Vado was sick, being a nurses’ daughter, and out of intense
concern and love, I gathered my facts from a zillion sources. I had most but not
all of them checked by the NY Dept. of Health. Janine and Alex, Lisa’s sister-inlaw
and her brother also provided some of the web research. For government
info: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/home/home.shtml.
Urgent medical questions should be directed to: 212.788-3000 – the NY
Dept of Health.
REFERENCES
Both utilized and cited by other references cited. Some are very scientific, some to/from the
medical community, some by lay persons or interviews… It is scary if you just dive in without
being able to put it all into context. And, please, if you’re going to go into the references, realize I
did not put them in any order and certainly am not able to cross-check their accuracy.
The anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program in the U.S. Army Surgeon General's Office can be
reached at 1-877-GETVACC (1-877-438-8222). http://www.anthrax.osd.mil
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/faq/vaccination.asp
http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strategcommunic-
factsheets-anthrax_fact.htm
http://www.chestnet.org/education/online/pccu/vol15/lessons15_16/lesson16.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_disease
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/anthrax_g.htm
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/Anthrax.html
http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:me25TDBY8mwJ:www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no8/pdfs
/03-0205.pdf+anthrax+empyema+sheep&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=13
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol7no6/jernigan.htm
http://www.emergingworlds.com/mc_article.cfm?link=Q_and_A_on_Anthrax.htm
http://www.iaff.org/safe/content/Anthrax/Presentation.htm
http://www.state.nj.us/health/er/documents/clinician_guide.pdf
http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/hidshgic.ice.htm
http://www.seacoastonline.com/2001news/exeter/e10_21b.htm
http://www2.luresext.edu/international/UNCFAlemaya.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2985910&
dopt=Abstract
http://www.duras-project.net/index.php?id=7&lang=eng
http://www.pharmpress.com/shop/samples/Zoonoses.pdf
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/X6543E/X6543E03.htm
http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:KJoxZoh6GnsJ:www.controlofbiohazards.com/Documen
ts/AnthraxCase%2520Jan2004%2520-
%2520Dec2004.pdf+anthrax+goat+ivory+coast&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=22
http://www.biodefenseeducation.org/archivefeb2004
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